Flashrom

flashrom is a utility for identifying, reading, writing, verifying and erasing flash chips. It's often used to flash BIOS/EFI/coreboot/firmware images.

• Supports more than 160 flash chips, 75 chipsets, 100 mainboards, and 10 PCI devices which can be used as external programmers.
• Supports parallel, LPC, FWH and SPI flash interfaces and various chip packages (DIP32, PLCC32, DIP8, SO8/SOIC8, TSOP32, TSOP40 and more)
• No physical access needed, root access is sufficient.
• No bootable floppy disk, bootable CD-ROM or other media needed.
• No keyboard or monitor needed. Simply reflash remotely via SSH.
• No instant reboot needed. Reflash your chip in a running system, verify it, be happy. The new firmware will be present next time you boot.
• Crossflashing and hotflashing is possible as long as the flash chips are electrically and logically compatible (same protocol). Great for recovery.
• Scriptability. Reflash a whole pool of identical machines at the same time from the command line. It is recommended to check flashrom output and error codes.
• Speed. flashrom is often much faster than most vendor flash tools.
• Portability. Supports Linux, FreeBSD, DragonFly BSD, Solaris, Mac OS X, and other Unix-like OSes.

Supported devices

Supported chips

Total amount of supported chips: 172

Vendor Flash part Status   Probe Read Write Erase AMD Am29F002(N)BB ? ? ? ? AMD Am29F002(N)BT OK OK OK OK AMD Am29F016D ? ? ? ? AMD Am29F040B OK OK OK OK AMD Am29F080B ? ? ? ? AMD Am29LV040B ? ? ? ? AMD Am29LV081B ? ? ? ? ASD AE49F2008 ? ? ? ? Atmel AT25DF021 ? ? ? ? Atmel AT25DF041A ? ? ? ? Atmel AT25DF081 ? ? ? ? Atmel AT25DF161 ? ? ? ? Atmel AT25DF321 OK OK OK OK Atmel AT25DF321A ? ? ? ? Atmel AT25DF641 ? ? ? ? Atmel AT25F512B ? ? ? ? Atmel AT25FS010 ? ? ? ? Atmel AT25FS040 ? ? ? ? Atmel AT26DF041 ? ? ? ? Atmel AT26DF081A ? ? ? ? Atmel AT26DF161 ? ? ? ? Atmel AT26DF161A ? ? ? ? Atmel AT26F004 ? ? ? ? Atmel AT29C512 OK OK OK OK Atmel AT29C010A OK OK OK ? Atmel AT29C020 OK OK OK OK Atmel AT29C040A ? ? ? ? Atmel AT45CS1282 ? ? ? ? Atmel AT45DB011D ? ? ? ? Atmel AT45DB021D ? ? ? ? Atmel AT45DB041D ? ? ? ? Atmel AT45DB081D ? ? ? ? Atmel AT45DB161D ? ? ? ? Atmel AT45DB321C ? ? ? ? Atmel AT45DB321D ? ? ? ? Atmel AT45DB642D ? ? ? ? Atmel AT49BV512 OK OK OK OK Atmel AT49F002(N) ? ? ? ? Atmel AT49F002(N)T OK OK OK OK AMIC A25L40P OK OK OK OK AMIC A29002B ? ? ? ? AMIC A29002T OK OK OK OK AMIC A29040B OK OK ? ? AMIC A49LF040A OK OK OK OK EMST F49B002UA ? ? ? ? EON EN29F002(A)(N)B ? ? ? ? EON EN29F002(A)(N)T OK OK OK OK Fujitsu MBM29F004BC ? ? ? ? Fujitsu MBM29F004TC ? ? ? ? Fujitsu MBM29F400BC ? ? ? ? Fujitsu MBM29F400TC ? ? ? ? Intel 28F001BX-B ? ? ? ? Intel 28F001BX-T OK OK ? ? Intel 82802AB OK OK OK OK Intel 82802AC OK OK OK OK Macronix MX25L512 ? ? ? ? Macronix MX25L1005 ? ? ? ? Macronix MX25L2005 ? ? ? ? Macronix MX25L4005 OK OK OK OK

Vendor Flash part Status   Probe Read Write Erase Macronix MX25L8005 OK OK OK OK Macronix MX25L1605 OK OK OK OK Macronix MX25L1635D ? ? ? ? Macronix MX25L3205 OK OK OK OK Macronix MX25L3235D ? ? ? ? Macronix MX25L6405 ? ? ? ? Macronix MX25L12805 ? ? ? ? Macronix MX29F002B ? ? ? ? Macronix MX29F002T OK OK OK OK Macronix MX29LV040C OK OK ? ? Numonyx M25PE10 ? ? ? ? Numonyx M25PE20 ? ? ? ? Numonyx M25PE40 ? ? ? ? Numonyx M25PE80 OK OK OK OK Numonyx M25PE16 ? ? ? ? PMC Pm25LV010 ? ? ? ? PMC Pm25LV016B ? ? ? ? PMC Pm25LV020 ? ? ? ? PMC Pm25LV040 ? ? ? ? PMC Pm25LV080B ? ? ? ? PMC Pm25LV512 ? ? ? ? PMC Pm39LV010 OK OK OK OK PMC Pm49FL002 OK OK OK OK PMC Pm49FL004 OK OK OK OK Sharp LHF00L04 ? ? ? ? Spansion S25FL016A OK OK OK OK SST SST25VF016B OK OK OK OK SST SST25VF032B OK OK OK OK SST SST25VF040B ? ? ? ? SST SST25VF040.REMS OK OK ? ? SST SST25VF040B.REMS OK OK ? ? SST SST25VF080B OK OK OK OK SST SST28SF040A ? ? ? ? SST SST29EE010 OK OK OK OK SST SST29LE010 ? ? ? ? SST SST29EE020A OK OK OK OK SST SST29LE020 ? ? ? ? SST SST39SF010A OK OK OK OK SST SST39SF020A OK OK OK OK SST SST39SF040 OK OK OK OK SST SST39VF512 OK OK OK OK SST SST39VF010 OK OK OK OK SST SST39VF020 OK OK OK OK SST SST39VF040 OK ? ? ? SST SST39VF080 ? ? ? ? SST SST49LF002A/B OK OK OK OK SST SST49LF003A/B ? ? ? ? SST SST49LF004A/B OK OK OK OK SST SST49LF004C ? ? ? ? SST SST49LF008A OK OK OK OK SST SST49LF008C ? ? ? ? SST SST49LF016C OK OK OK OK SST SST49LF020 OK OK ? ? SST SST49LF020A ? ? ? ? SST SST49LF040 OK OK OK OK SST SST49LF040B OK OK OK OK SST SST49LF080A OK OK OK OK SST SST49LF160C OK OK OK OK

Vendor Flash part Status   Probe Read Write Erase ST M25P05-A ? ? ? ? ST M25P10-A ? ? ? ? ST M25P20 ? ? ? ? ST M25P40 ? ? ? ? ST M25P40-old ? ? ? ? ST M25P80 ? ? ? ? ST M25P16 OK OK OK OK ST M25P32 OK OK OK OK ST M25P64 ? ? ? ? ST M25P128 ? ? ? ? ST M29F002B ? ? ? ? ST M29F002T/NT OK OK OK OK ST M29F040B OK OK OK OK ST M29F400BT ? ? ? ? ST M29W010B ? ? ? ? ST M29W040B ? ? ? ? ST M50FLW040A ? ? ? ? ST M50FLW040B ? ? ? ? ST M50FLW080A OK OK OK OK ST M50FLW080B ? ? ? ? ST M50FW002 ? ? ? ? ST M50FW016 ? ? ? ? ST M50FW040 OK OK OK OK ST M50FW080 OK OK OK OK ST M50LPW116 ? ? ? ? SyncMOS S29C31004T ? ? ? ? SyncMOS S29C51001T ? ? ? ? SyncMOS S29C51002T OK OK OK OK SyncMOS S29C51004T ? ? ? ? TI TMS29F002RB ? ? ? ? TI TMS29F002RT ? ? ? ? Winbond W25x10 ? ? ? ? Winbond W25x20 ? ? ? ? Winbond W25x40 OK OK OK OK Winbond W25x80 OK OK OK OK Winbond W29C011 OK OK OK OK Winbond W29C020C OK OK OK OK Winbond W29C040P ? ? ? ? Winbond W29EE011 OK OK OK OK Winbond W39V040A OK OK OK OK Winbond W39V040B OK OK OK OK Winbond W39V040C OK OK OK OK Winbond W39V040FA OK OK OK OK Winbond W39V080A OK OK OK OK Winbond W49F002U OK OK OK OK Winbond W49V002A OK OK OK OK Winbond W49V002FA ? ? ? ? Winbond W39V080FA OK OK OK OK Winbond W39V080FA (dual mode) ? ? ? ?

Supported chipsets

Total amount of supported chipsets: 76

Vendor Southbridge PCI IDs Status ALi M1533 10b9:1533 OK AMD AMD-768 1022:7440 OK AMD AMD8111 1022:7468 OK AMD CS5530(A) 1078:0100 OK AMD CS5536 1022:2080 OK AMD Elan SC520 1022:3000 OK AMD SB600 1002:438d OK AMD SB700 1002:439d OK AMD SC1100 100b:0510 ? ATI SB400 1002:4377 OK Broadcom HT-1000 1166:0205 OK Intel 440MX 8086:7198 OK Intel 6300ESB 8086:25a1 OK Intel 631xESB/632xESB/3100 8086:2670 OK Intel EP80579 8086:5031 OK Intel ICH0 8086:2420 OK Intel ICH10 8086:3a18 OK Intel ICH10D 8086:3a1a OK Intel ICH10DO 8086:3a14 OK Intel ICH10R 8086:3a16 OK Intel ICH2 8086:2440 OK Intel ICH2-M 8086:244c OK Intel ICH3-M 8086:248c OK Intel ICH3-S 8086:2480 OK Intel ICH4/ICH4-L 8086:24c0 OK Intel ICH4-M 8086:24cc OK Intel ICH5/ICH5R 8086:24d0 OK

Vendor Southbridge PCI IDs Status Intel ICH6/ICH6R 8086:2640 OK Intel ICH6-M 8086:2641 OK Intel ICH7DH 8086:27b0 OK Intel ICH7/ICH7R 8086:27b8 OK Intel ICH7M 8086:27b9 OK Intel ICH7MDH 8086:27bd OK Intel ICH 8086:2410 OK Intel ICH8DH 8086:2812 OK Intel ICH8DO 8086:2814 OK Intel ICH8/ICH8R 8086:2810 OK Intel ICH8M 8086:2815 OK Intel ICH8M-E 8086:2811 OK Intel ICH9 8086:2918 OK Intel ICH9DH 8086:2912 OK Intel ICH9DO 8086:2914 OK Intel ICH9M 8086:2919 OK Intel ICH9M-E 8086:2917 OK Intel ICH9R 8086:2916 OK Intel MPIIX 8086:1234 ? Intel PIIX3 8086:7000 OK Intel PIIX4/4E/4M 8086:7110 OK Intel PIIX 8086:122e OK NVIDIA CK804 10de:0050 OK NVIDIA CK804 10de:0051 OK NVIDIA NForce2 10de:0060 OK NVIDIA CK804 10de:00d3 OK

Vendor Southbridge PCI IDs Status NVIDIA MCP51 10de:0260 ? NVIDIA MCP51 10de:0261 ? NVIDIA MCP51 10de:0262 ? NVIDIA MCP51 10de:0263 ? NVIDIA MCP55 10de:0360 OK NVIDIA MCP55 10de:0361 OK NVIDIA MCP55 10de:0362 OK NVIDIA MCP55 10de:0363 OK NVIDIA MCP55 10de:0364 OK NVIDIA MCP55 10de:0365 OK NVIDIA MCP55 10de:0366 OK NVIDIA MCP55 10de:0367 OK NVIDIA MCP67 10de:0548 OK SiS SiS5595 1039:0008 OK SiS SiS630 1039:0630 ? VIA CX700 1106:8324 OK VIA VT8231 1106:8231 ? VIA VT8235 1106:3177 OK VIA VT8237 1106:3227 OK VIA VT8237A 1106:3337 OK VIA VT8237S 1106:3372 OK VIA VT82C586A/B 1106:0586 OK VIA VT82C686A/B 1106:0686 ?

Supported mainboards

In general, it is very likely that flashrom works out of the box even if your mainboard is not listed below.

This is a list of mainboards where we have verified that they either do or do not need any special initialization to make flashrom work (given flashrom supports the respective chipset and flash chip), or that they do not yet work at all. If they do not work, support may or may not be added later.

Mainboards which don't appear in the list may or may not work (we don't know, someone has to give it a try). Please report any further verified mainboards on the mailing list.

Known good (worked out of the box)

Total amount of boards: 71

Vendor Mainboard Status Abit AX8 OK Advantech PCM-5820 OK ASI MB-5BLMP OK ASUS A7N8X Deluxe OK ASUS A7N8X-E Deluxe OK ASUS A7V400-MX OK ASUS A7V8X-MX OK ASUS A8N-E OK ASUS A8NE-FM/S OK ASUS A8N-SLI OK ASUS A8N-SLI Premium OK ASUS A8V-E Deluxe OK ASUS A8V-E SE OK ASUS M2A-MX OK ASUS M2A-VM OK ASUS M2N-E OK ASUS M2V OK ASUS P2B OK ASUS P2B-D OK ASUS P2B-DS OK ASUS P2B-F OK ASUS P2L97-S OK ASUS P5B-Deluxe OK ASUS P6T Deluxe V2 OK A-Trend ATC-6220 OK

Vendor Mainboard Status BCOM WinNET100 OK GIGABYTE GA-6BXC OK GIGABYTE GA-6BXDU OK GIGABYTE GA-6ZMA OK Intel EP80759 OK Jetway J7F4K1G5D-PB OK MSI MS-6570 (K7N2) OK MSI MS-7065 OK MSI MS-7168 (Orion) OK MSI MS-7236 (945PL Neo3) OK MSI MS-7255 (P4M890M) OK MSI MS-7345 (P35 Neo2-FIR) OK NEC PowerMate 2000 OK PC Engines Alix.1c OK PC Engines Alix.2c2 OK PC Engines Alix.2c3 OK PC Engines Alix.3c3 OK PC Engines Alix.3d3 OK RCA RM4100 OK Sun Blade x6250 OK Supermicro H8QC8 OK Thomson IP1000 OK T-Online S-100 OK Tyan iS5375-1U OK

Vendor Mainboard Status Tyan S1846 OK Tyan S2881 OK Tyan S2882 OK Tyan S2882-D OK Tyan S2891 OK Tyan S2892 OK Tyan S2895 OK Tyan S3095 OK Tyan S5180 OK Tyan S5191 OK Tyan S5197 OK Tyan S5211 OK Tyan S5211-1U OK Tyan S5220 OK Tyan S5375 OK Tyan S5376G2NR/S5376WAG2NR OK Tyan S5377 OK Tyan S5397 OK VIA EPIA-LN OK VIA NAB74X0 OK VIA pc2500e OK VIA VB700X OK

Known good (with write-enable code in flashrom)

Total amount of boards: 34

Vendor Mainboard Required option Status Acorp 6A815EPD -m acorp:6a815epd OK agami Aruma -m AGAMI:ARUMA OK Artec Group DBE61 -m artecgroup:dbe61 OK Artec Group DBE62 -m artecgroup:dbe62 OK ASUS A7V8-MX SE — OK ASUS P4B266 — OK ASUS P5A -m asus:p5a OK BioStar P4M80-M4 — OK EPoX EP-8K5A2 — OK EPoX EP-BX3 -m epox:ep-bx3 OK GIGABYTE GA-2761GXDK -m gigabyte:2761gxdk OK GIGABYTE GA-7VT600 — OK GIGABYTE GA-K8N-SLI — OK

Vendor Mainboard Required option Status GIGABYTE GA-M57SLI-S4 -m gigabyte:m57sli OK GIGABYTE GA-M61P-S3 -m gigabyte:m61p OK GIGABYTE GA-MA78G-DS3H — OK GIGABYTE GA-MA78GM-S2H — OK GIGABYTE GA-MA790FX-DQ6 -m gigabyte:ma790fx-dq6 OK HP DL145 G3 -m hp:dl145_g3 OK IBM x3455 -m ibm:x3455 OK Intel D201GLY — OK IWILL DK8-HTX -m iwill:dk8_htx OK Kontron 986LCD-M -m kontron:986lcd-m OK Kontron 986LCD-M -m kontron:986lcd-m OK MSI MS-7135 (K8N Neo3) -m msi:k8n-neo3 OK

Vendor Mainboard Required option Status MSI MS-6702E (K8T Neo2-F) — OK MSI MS-6712 (KT4V) -m msi:kt4v OK MSI MS-6590 (KT4 Ultra) -m msi:kt4ultra OK MSI MS-7046 — OK Tyan S2498 (Tomcat K7M) — OK VIA EPIA-CN — OK VIA EPIA M/MII/... — OK VIA EPIA SP — OK VIA PC3500G -m via:pc3500g OK

Not supported (yet)

Total amount of boards: 19

Vendor Mainboard Status Abit IS-10 No ASUS M3N78 Pro No ASUS MEW-AM No ASUS MEW-VM No ASUS P3B-F No ASUS P5B No ASUS P5BV-M No Biostar M6TBA No

Vendor Mainboard Status Boser HS-6637 No DFI 855GME-MGF No FIC VA-502 No MSI MS-6178 No MSI MS-7260 (K9N Neo) No PCCHIPS M537DMA33 No Soyo SY-5VD No

Vendor Mainboard Status Sun Fire x4150 No Sun Fire x4200 No Sun Fire x4540 No Sun Fire x4600 No

Supported programmers

This is a list of supported PCI devices flashrom can use as programmer:

Vendor Device PCI IDs Status 3COM 3C90xB: PCI 10/100 Mbps; shared 10BASE-T/100BASE-TX 10b7:9055 OK 3COM 3C90xB: PCI 10/100 Mbps; shared 10BASE-T/100BASE-T4 10b7:9001 ? 3COM 3C90xB: PCI 10BASE-T (TPO) 10b7:9004 ? 3COM 3C90xB: PCI 10BASE-T/10BASE2/AUI (COMBO) 10b7:9005 ? 3COM 3C90xB: PCI 10BASE-T/10BASE2 (TPC) 10b7:9006 ? 3COM 3C90xB: PCI 10BASE-FL 10b7:900a ? 3COM 3C90xB: PCI 10BASE-FX 10b7:905a ? 3COM 3C905B: Cyclone 10/100/BNC 10b7:9058 OK 3COM 3C905C: EtherLink 10/100 PCI (TX) 10b7:9200 OK 3COM 3C980C: EtherLink Server 10/100 PCI (TX) 10b7:9805 ? Silicon Image PCI0680 Ultra ATA-133 Host Ctrl 1095:0680 OK Silicon Image SiI 3114 [SATALink/SATARaid] SATA Ctrl 1095:3114 OK Silicon Image SiI 3124 PCI-X SATA Ctrl 1095:3124 ? Silicon Image SiI 3132 SATA Raid II Ctrl 1095:3132 OK Silicon Image SiI 3512 [SATALink/SATARaid] SATA Ctrl 1095:3512 ? Board notes ASI MB-5BLMP: Used in the IGEL WinNET III thin client. MSI MS-7260 (K9N Neo): Interestingly flashrom does not work when the vendor BIOS is booted, but it does work flawlessly when the machine is booted with coreboot. ASUS M2A-VM: See http://www.coreboot.org/pipermail/coreboot/2007-September/025281.html. BCOM WinNET100: Used in the IGEL-316 thin client. ASUS A8V-E SE: See http://www.coreboot.org/pipermail/coreboot/2007-October/026496.html. Supported laptops/notebooks In general, flashing laptops is more difficult because Laptops often use the flash chip for stuff besides the BIOS. Laptops often have special protection stuff which has to be handled by flashrom. Laptops often use flash translation circuits which need extra drivers in flashrom. IMPORTANT: At this point we recommend to not use flashrom on untested laptops unless you have a means to recover from a flashing that goes wrong (a working backup flash chip and/or good soldering skills). Known-good Vendor Model Status Lenovo 3000 V100 TF05Cxx OK Known-bad Vendor Model Status IBM/Lenovo Thinkpad T40p No IBM/Lenovo 240 No Acer Aspire One No1 1 http://www.coreboot.org/pipermail/coreboot/2009-May/048041.html Download & Installation If you just want to browse the source code, please go to http://code.coreboot.org/p/flashrom/source/tree/HEAD/trunk. Requirements: pciutils development package (pciutils-dev/libpci-dev/pciutils-devel, depending on OS/distribution) zlib development package (zlib1g-dev/zlib-devel, depending on OS/distribution) subversion (if you checkout the source and build manually) Manual Installation From Source: $ svn co svn://coreboot.org/flashrom/trunk flashrom $ cd flashrom $ make $ sudo make install Binary Packages: Debian: sudo aptitude install flashrom Fedora: sudo yum install flashrom Gentoo: emerge flashrom Mandriva: urpmi flashrom openSUSE: yast -i coreboot-utils For distributions older than openSUSE Factory (11.0) you find "backports" in the openSUSE Build Service. T2 SDE Installation from source: Emerge-Pkg flashrom Installation of binaries: mine -i flashrom-0.9.0.tar.bz2 FreeBSD: cd /usr/ports/sysutils/flashrom && make install clean Windows: There is a Windows port of the flashrom utility. Download the latest version: DarmawanMappatutu_Salihun.tar.gz. Usage Please see the flashrom(8) manpage. Fully testing flashrom chip/southbridge/mainboard support See this page for instructions on how to test flashrom properly (this may be risky, make sure you have a working backup flash chip). Flashrom Live CD Flashrom Live CD Flash chip overview Modern mainboards store the BIOS in a reprogrammable flash chip. There are hundreds of different flash (EEPROM) chips, with variables such as memory size, speed, communication bus (Parallel, LPC, FWH, SPI) and packaging to name just a few. Packaging/housing/form factor Probably the only property of flash chips which is completely irrelevant to flashrom. The three most common packages are called DIP, PLCC and TSOP. The BIOS copyright holders often place a fancy sticker on the BIOS chip showing a name or logo, BIOS version, serial number and copyright notice. DIP32: Dual In-line Package, 32 pins DIP32 top DIP32 bottom DIP32 in a socket DIP32 socket A rectangular black plastic block with 16 pins along each of the two longer sides of the package (32 pins in total). DIP32 chips can be socketed which means they are detachable from the mainboard using physical force. Since they haven't been moved in and out of the socket very much (yet, hehe) they can appear to be quite difficult to release from the socket. One way to remove a DIP32 chip from a socket is by prying a thin screwdriver in between the plastic package and the socket, along the shorter sides where there are no pins, and then gently bending the screwdriver to push the chip upwards, away from the mainboard. Alternate between the two sides to avoid bending the pins, and don't touch any of the pins with the screwdriver (see FAQ about ESD, electro-static discharge). If the chip is soldered directly to the mainboard, it has to be desoldered in order to be reprogrammed outside the mainboard. If you do this, it's a good idea to solder a socket to the mainboard instead, to ease any future experiments. PLCC32: Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier, 32 pins PLCC32 top PLCC32 bottom PLCC32 in a socket PLCC32 socket Soldered PLCC32 Two soldered PLCC32 Black plastic block again, but this one is much more square. PLCC32 was becoming the standard for mainboards after DIP32 chips because of it's smaller physical size. PLCC can also be socketed or soldered directly to the mainboard. Socketed PLCC32 chips can be removed using a special PLCC removal tool', or using a piece of nylon line tied in a loop around the chip and pulled swiftly straight up, or bending/prying using small screwdrivers if one is careful. PLCC32 sockets are often fragile so the screwdriver approach is not recommended. While the nylon line method sounds strange it works well. Desoldering PLCC32 can be painful without specialized desoldering equipment particularly because PLCC32 chips have leads on all four sides of the package, but it's certainly doable. DIP8: Dual In-line Package, 8 pins DIP8 top DIP8 bottom DIP8 in a socket DIP8 socket SO8/SOIC8: Small-Outline Integrated Circuit, 8 pins Soldered SOIC8 SOIC8 adapter TSOP: Thin Small-Outline Package Soldered TSOP40 Soldered TSOP48 TSOPs are often used in embedded systems where size is important and there is no need for replacement in the field. It is possible to (de)solder TSOPs by hand, but it's not trivial and a reasonable amount of soldering skills are required. Communication bus protocol There are four major communication bus protocols for flash chips, each with multiple subtle variants in the command set: Parallel: The oldest flash bus, phased out on mainboards around 2002. LPC: Low Pin Count, a standard introduced ca. 1998. FWH: Firmware Hub, a variant of the LPC standard introduced at the same time. FWH is a special case variant of LPC with one bit set differently in the memory read/write commands. That means some data sheets mention the chips speak LPC although they will not respond to regular LPC read/write cycles. SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface, introduced ca. 2006. Here's an attempt to create a marketing language -> chip type mapping: JEDEC Flash -> Parallel (well, mostly) FWH -> FWH Firmware Hub -> FWH LPC Firmware -> FWH Firmware Memory -> FWH Low Pin Count (if Firmware/FWH is not mentioned) -> LPC LPC (if Firmware is not mentioned) -> LPC Serial Flash -> SPI SST data sheets have the following conventions: LPC Memory Read -> LPC Firmware Memory Read -> FWH If both are mentioned, the chip supports both. If you're not sure about whether a device is LPC or FWH, look at the read/write cycle definitions. FWH Clock Cycle Field Name Field contents Comments 1 START 1101/1110 1101 for READ, 1110 for WRITE. 2 IDSEL 0000 to 1111 IDSEL value to be shifted out to the chip. 3-9 IMADDR YYYY The address to be read/written. 7 cycles total == 28 bits. 10+ ... ... ... LPC Clock Cycle Field Name Field contents Comments 1 START 0000 ... 2 CYCLETYPE+DIRECTION 010X/011X 010X for READ, 011X for WRITE. X means "reserved". 3-10 ADDRESS YYYY The address to be read/written. 8 cycles total == 32 bits. 11+ ... ... ... Generally, a parallel flash chip will not speak any other protocols. SPI flash chips also don't speak any other protocols. LPC flash chips sometimes speak FWH as well and vice versa, but they will not speak any protocols besides LPC/FWH.